m6A修饰在调节小胶质细胞炎症反应中的作用
今天给大家介绍一篇影响因子8+的文章,这篇文章发布在期刊: Journal of Neuroinflammation。首先来了解下这本期刊,Journal of Neuroinflammation今年的影响因子为:8.322。比上一年增长了2.529。中科院JCR分区,中科院大类: 医学 1区。中科院小类: 2区,免疫学。年发文量在280左右,投稿周期: 平均4月。为了方便大家查阅,附上期刊网址:https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/
思维导图:
背景知识:
小胶质细胞是一种非神经细胞,属于中枢神经系统(CNS)细胞的胶质细胞群。作为脑实质的常驻免疫细胞,小胶质细胞在神经系统和免疫系统之间起着中枢通讯的作用,协调中枢神经系统的稳态和免疫监视功能。在感觉到中枢神经系统稳态被破坏后(如病原体、损伤或病理性压力的刺激),小胶质细胞会迅速改变其基因表达程序和功能谱。
本文的作者主要研究了三种类型的小胶质细胞,M0-L:具有内稳态的小胶质细胞。M1-L:主要释放炎性介质,发挥促炎作用。M2-L:组织修复和动态平衡恢复有关。
最近,在建立RNA表达谱以应对环境影响的机制中,RNA修饰正在成为基因表达的重要调控机制。在150多种RNA修饰中,N6甲基腺苷(m6A)RNA甲基化是最主要的形式,约占腺苷残基总量的0.3%。在分子水平上,m6A被认为影响RNA的稳定性、翻译、microRNA的生物发生、剪接、X染色体失活等生物学过程。近年来,与m6A修饰RNA相关的多种生物学现象,如肥胖、癌症、细胞分化、受精和多能性等。
研究思路与结果:
为了阐明小胶质细胞表型对转录本特异性m6A改变的影响,作者从小胶质细胞(M0-L、M1-L、M2-L)中分离RNA和通过免疫沉淀m6A甲基化RNA。然后用大鼠m6A mRNA和lncRNA表观转录生物芯片分析(M0-L:n =3,M1-L:n=3; M2-L:n=3),芯片的结果显示,在M1-L/M0-L比较中,543个mRNAs和263个lncRNAs呈现高度甲基化,1045个mRNAs和77个lncRNAs呈现低度甲基化。大多数差异甲基化的mRNAs(65.6%)是显著低甲基化的,而大多数lncRNAs(77.4%)是显著高甲基化的(fold change≥1.5 or≤0.7,P<0.05)。在M2-L/M0-L比较中,只有46个mRNAs和7个lncRNAs发生了差异高甲基化,而大多数mRNAs(269个;85.4%)和lncRNAs(31个;81.6%)发生了差异低甲基化。如图1,这些数据表明,M0-L、M1-L和M2-L小胶质细胞表现出不同的m6A修饰的mRNA和lncRNA模式,其中在促炎的M1-L小胶质细胞中m6A甲基化水平的变化最大。
图1. mRNA and lncRNA m6A modification profile changes in different primary rat microglia phenotypes. Hierarchical clustering of all samples revealed the non-random partitioning of samples into three major groups: M1-L vs M0-L; M2-L vs M0-L; and M2-L vs M1-L. Each column represents one sample and each row represents one mRNA (A) or lncRNA probe set (B)
作者为了研究M0-L、M1-L和M2-L之间的mRNA表达模式,根据生物芯片的结果,用火山图(图2,A)展示了总mRNA在M1-L/M0-L、M2-L/M0-L、M2-L/M1-L中差异表达。在这里作者为了增强文章的逻辑性和说服力,将小胶质细胞特异性标志物与大脑其他部位和免疫细胞的标志物相比,结果显示小胶质细胞特异性标志物均检测到较高水平,表明分选的小胶质细胞纯度较高(图2,B)。然后,作者选择差异表达的mRNA和差异m6A甲基化mRNA,通过火山图直观的分析m6A甲基化与mRNA表达的相关性(图2,C)。此外,作者还分析了这些m6A修饰相关基因在M0-L、M1-L和M2-L表型中的表达趋势(图3)。
这些结果显示,在M1-L/M0-L中,83.3%(106个基因)的m6A差异相关基因与M2-L/M1-L中的m6A相关基因呈负相关,提示这些基因可能在小胶质细胞的炎症反应中起重要作用。
图2. mRNA expression analysis of M0-L, M1-L, and M2-L phenotypes in microglia. A Volcano plot analysis of 3627 upregulated and 1275 downregulated mRNAs (M1-L vs M0-L, P < 0.05); 4360 upregulated and 316 downregulated mRNAs (M2-L vs M0-L, P < 0.05); 1896 upregulated and 3199 downregulated mRNAs (M2-L vs M1-L, P < 0.05). Red boxes represent ≥ 1.5-fold change difference, P < 0.05. Green boxes represent ≤0.7-fold change difference, P < 0.05. B Expression of markers specific to different brain and immune cell types in M0-L, M1-L, and M2-L samples.Data represent mean ± SD of three biological replicates. C Association analysis of m6A methylation and mRNA expression: M1-L vs M0-L: 39Hyper-Up mRNAs, 319 Hyper-Down mRNAs, 515 Hypo-Up mRNAs, 138 Hypo-Down mRNAs (P < 0.05); M2-L vs M0-L: 26 Hyper-Up mRNAs, 0Hyper-Down mRNAs, 177 Hypo-Up mRNAs, 11 Hypo-Down mRNAs (P < 0.05); M2-L vs M1-L: 95 Hyper-Up mRNAs, 32 Hyper-Down mRNAs, 48Hypo-Up mRNAs, 49 Hypo-Down mRNAs (P < 0.05).
图3. Expression patterns of m6 A modification-associated genes among the M0-L, M1-L and M2-L phenotypes. Venn diagrams showing unique and common A Hyper-Up and Hypo-Down, B Hyper-Down and Hypo-Up, C Hypo-Up and Hyper-Down, D Hypo-Down and Hyper-Up genes between “M1-L vs M0-L” (purple) and “M2-L vs M1-L” (blue). (P < 0.05).
M6A相关基因的鉴定对于探索m6A修饰的分子功能具有重要意义。作者先将M1-L/M0-L上调的总mRNAs做KEGG富集分析,发现有16条显著上调的通路,其中低甲基化/上调的有46个mRNAs(图4)。根据富集的结果,低甲基化的m6a修饰模式主要参与三个主要过程信号转导(i)(环境信息处理),(ii)免疫系统,(iii)折叠,分类和降解(遗传信息处理)。作者还非常细心的将46个基因的细节用表格的形式展现出来。不仅如此,作者进一步把46个mRNAs的位置和相关通路标注在通路示意图上(图5)。黄色方块代表46个低m6A和上调的mRNAs在相关通路中的位置,白色方块代表不受m6A修饰调控的其他通路的mRNAs。红色字母表示M2-L/M1-L中的m6A超甲基化mRNAs。其次,KEGG分析显示,M1-L/M0-L中9个高度甲基化的mRNAs参与了10条显著上调的途径,包括信号转导、免疫系统处理和蛋白质降解(P<0.05,图6,A-C)。这些途径可能代表了在小胶质细胞激活过程中可能发生的不同的促炎过程。其中Tnfaip3和Birc3基因参与了四条信号通路,有三条是共同的:NOD样受体信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路和核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路(图6D)。图6D显示了其他七个基因及其相关的信号通路。总之,作者的结果表明,m6A修饰的mRNA参与多种生物过程有关。
图4. Biological function predictions of the hypo-upregulated mRNAs in M1-L versus M0-L by pathway analysis. A–C Pathway analysis was applied to 46 upregulated hypo-methylated mRNAs and revealed that 16 upregulated pathways were involved in three biological processes (P < 0.05). Enrichment scoring = −log10 (P value).
图5 Schematic overviews of signaling pathways associated with 46 upregulated and m6A hypo-methylated mRNAs in M1-L/M0-L. The yellow squares represent the location of 46 hypo m6A and upregulated mRNAs in the related pathways and white squares represent other mRNAs of the pathways which were not be regulated by m6A modification. The red letters represent the m6A hyper-methylated mRNAs in M2-L/M1-L.Detailed descriptions of the proteins, m6A mRNAs, and pathways are presented in Table 1.
图6 Functional predictions of the hyper-upregulated mRNAs in M1-L versus M0-L based on pathway analysis. A–C Pathway analysis was applied to 9 mRNAs and revealed that 10 upregulated pathways were involved in 3 biological processes (P < 0.05). Enrichment scoring = −log10(P value). D Nine m6A hyper-methylated mRNAs and their proteins are in the 10 upregulated signaling pathways. The green circles represent proteins, the orange arrows show the mRNA and protein pair, and blue arrows indicate signaling pathways that proteins involved. The mRNAs using red font represent the m6A mRNAs that were hypo-methylated in M2-L vs M1-L.
为了探讨m6A修饰的lncRNAs在小胶质细胞激活过程中的可能作用,作者筛选了87个m6A相关的lncRNAs,它们在M1-L/M0-L发生高甲基化,在M2-L/M1-L发生低甲基化(图7)。只有3个lncRNA在M1-L/M0-L中低度甲基化和M2-L/M1-L中的高度甲基化。这里作者并未选择M2-L/M0-L,笔者认为很有可能lncRNA在M1-L/M0-L和M2-L/M0-L具有高度一致性。
接下来作者分析这些lncRNA的定位,结果表明大多数差异的m6a甲基化的lncRNAs是基因间的(图7)。并且将这些lncRNAs与其相邻的编码基因(位于300kb以内)结合,并筛选出M1-L/M0-L中差异表达的基因,以分析这些m6A修饰的lncRNAs的潜在功能。
此外,作者的结果表明,11个m6A修饰的lncRNA可能调节与14个显著上调的通路相关的13个上调的mRNA的表达,包括免疫系统和信号转导过程(图7C)。这些途径可能调节小胶质细胞活化过程中的炎症和活性氧的产生。除LOC103691608、AABR07014125.2和LOC103691640外,其余8个lncRNA均参与多条信号通路的调控(图8)。
图7 Biological function predictions of the m6 A lncRNAs based on pathway analysis of their adjacent coding-genes within 300 kb in the genome. A Subgroup analysis of 87 altered m6 A lncRNAs that were hyper-methylated in M1-L/M0-L and hypo-methylated in M2-L/M1-L in relation to their nearby coding genes. B Subgroup analysis of three altered m6 A lncRNAs that were hypo-methylated in M1-L/M0-L and hyper-methylated in M2-L/M1-L in relation to their nearby coding genes. C Pathway analysis was applied to 13 mRNAs that were adjacent to 11 m6A- modified lncRNAs and revealed that 14 upregulated pathways were associated with two biological processes. Enrichment scoring = −log10 (P value).
图8 Schematic overviews of the signaling pathways in which 10 m6 A lncRNAs are probably involved. Ten m6 A methylated lncRNAs, their regulated mRNAs and proteins are in the 14 upregulated signaling pathways. The red circles represent proteins, the green arrows represent the regulatory relationship of lncRNA to mRNA, the orange arrows show the mRNA and protein pair, and blue arrows indicate signaling pathways that proteins are involved.
Birc3, Gbp5, 和Tnfaip3 mRNA的m6A水平在M1-L/M0-L中上调,而在M2-L/M1-L中下调。M1-L组Ccl7和Sod2 mRNAs m6A水平低于M0-L组,M2-L组高于M1-L组(图9A)。接下来,作者分析了这5个mRNAs的表达水平,以确定m6A 修饰过程是否调节了小胶质细胞极化过程中mRNA的表达。qRT-PCR分析显示,这5个mRNA在M1-L/M0-L中上调,在M2-L/M1-L中下调。结果表明,m6A甲基化的Birc3, Gbp5和Tnfaip3表现出mRNA的稳定性和表达增加,而m6A的修饰与Ccl7、Sod2 mRNA的降解有关(图9C)。
作者还分析了在M2-L/M0-L小胶质细胞中涉及几条上调途径的Pole2、Psat1、Ndufb11、Ccnh和Dpyd mRNAs的m6A修饰和表达水平。这些结果表明,在M2-L/M0L表型中,Pole2、Psat1、Ndufb11和Ccnh mRNAs发生了低甲基化并上调了表达,而Dpyd mRNA则发生了高甲基化并上调了表达(图9E)。
最后,作者分析了5个lncRNA的m6A修饰和表达水平。LOC102555300、AABR07044444.2、LOC103691027和AABR07014125.2在M1-L/M0-L小胶质细胞中发生高甲基化,在M2-L/M1-L中发生低甲基化,而AABR07012131.1的m6A水平在M1-L/M0-L中下调,在M2-L/M1-L中上调。高度甲基化的LOC102555300、AABR07044444.2、LOC103691027和AABR07014125.2在M1-L/M0-L中的表达水平降低,表明m6A修饰使这些lncRNA不稳定,易于降解。而在M2L/M1-L中,LOC102555300、AABR07044444.2、LOC103691027和AABR07014125.2的lncRNA水平显著升高。作者发现低甲基化的lncRNA AABR07012131.1在M1L/M0-L中低水平表达,而在M2-L/M1-L中高表达(图9 B、D)。综上所述,作者的数据显示生物芯片、MeRIP和qRT-PCR分析之间的变化是一致的,并进一步证实了m6A mRNA和lncRNA生物芯片的结果。
图9 The m6 A methylation level and expression analysis of the lncRNAs and mRNAs in different phenotypes of primary rat microglia. The m6A levels of A five mRNAs and B five lncRNAs were analyzed by MeRIP-qPCR; the expression level of C five mRNAs and D five lncRNAs were analyzed using qRT-PCR in M1-L vs M0-L and M2-L vs M1-L. E The m6 A level and expression level of five mRNAs were analyzed by MeRIP-qPCR and qRT-PCR, respectively in M2-L vs M1-L. qRT-PCR was performed using the GAPDH gene as an internal control. Error bars represent the standard errors of independent samples. n = 3 per group, *P < 0.05
本文小结:
在这项研究中,作者利用m6A甲基化的RNA IP去结合大鼠m6A mRNA和lncRNA,然后进行生物芯片分析,广泛探索了在稳态(M0-L)、促炎(M1-L)和抗炎(M2-L)条件下小胶质细胞潜在的m6A修饰模式和m6A相关特征。作者发现在M1-L和M0-L、M2-L和M0-L表型之间的mRNAs和lncRNAs发生了m6A甲基化改变,从而突出了m6A修饰在小胶质细胞炎症反应中的潜在作用。
参考文献:
1.Li Q, Wen S, Ye W, et al: The potential roles of m(6)A modification in regulating the inflammatory response in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 18:149, 2021